Martin Prévost and Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier
Explore the remarkable story of Martin Prévost and Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier, the first official union between a European and an Indigenous woman in Canada.
Martin Prévost & Marie Sylvestre ȢchistaȢichkȢe dite Olivier
A Historic Union in the Heart of New France
Martin Prévost, son of Pierre Prévost and Charlotte Vien, was baptized on January 4, 1611, in the parish of Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul in Montreuil, Île-de-France, France. Today, Montreuil is home to approximately 111,000 residents and lies within the Seine-Saint-Denis department, just 8 kilometers east of Paris, making it a suburb of the capital.
Later during his life, Martin also used the name Provost.
1611 baptism of Martin Prévost (Archives départementales de Seine-Saint-Denis)
The translated baptism record states:
“In the year of our grace one thousand six hundred and eleven, on the fourth day of January, was baptized Martin, son of Pierre Prevost and Charlotte Vien, his wife, named and held on the holy baptismal font by Germain Mainguet, assisted by Raphael Cornu and Thomasse Cambrey, done as above.”
Location of Montreuil in France (Mapcarta)
Church of Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul in Montreuil, circa 1930 (Geneanet)
Church of Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul in Montreuil, 2018 (photo by Chabe01, Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0)
The Church of Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul, where Martin was baptized, boasts a rich history. Its choir dates back to the late 12th and early 13th centuries. King Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon were baptized there in 1337. Over the centuries, the church saw numerous architectural additions: the central façade was completed in the 14th century, a new nave was added in the 15th century, and the steeple underwent partial demolition in the 19th century after lightning damage. Recognized for its historical significance, the church was designated a French historic monument in 1913.
A plaque commemorating Martin Prévost located inside the Church of Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul in Montreuil (Dictionary of Canadian Biography)
From Montreuil to Québec: A Journey Across the Atlantic
Martin's first recorded mention in Canada appears in a 1639 document by notary Martial Piraube. He had arrived in the colony as a "maître valet" (master valet) and “magasinier” (storekeeper) for the Company of One Hundred Associates.
Compagnie des Cent-Associés
Under the reign of Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu established the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, also known as the Cent-Associés, on April 29, 1627. Tasked by the king with populating Canada, the company was granted ownership of New France—a vast territory with imprecise borders stretching from Florida in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. It also held a monopoly on the fur trade and the authority to grant land.
Financed by one hundred shareholders (the cent associés), the company raised a capital of 300,000 livres. This funding was used to cover the costs of transportation, accommodation, and food for the first settlers during their first three years in the colony. Despite a challenging start—marked by ship captures, famine, and English occupation—the Cent-Associés managed to increase the colonial population significantly, bringing in approximately 5,000 settlers, many of whom remained in New France.
Financial difficulties eventually forced the company to transfer its rights to the Compagnie des Habitants. By 1663, when the colony came under royal control and the Compagnie des Cent-Associés was dissolved, New France had established 68 seigneuries.
Plaque dedicated to the Compagnie des Cent-Associés in Québec (@The French-Canadian Genealogist)
Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier was an Indigenous woman, likely born between 1620 and 1624. She was the daughter of Roch Manitouabeouich (or ManitȢabeȢich) and possibly Outchibahanoukoueou, though her mother’s given name remains uncertain.
The Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) offers insight into Marie’s parentage, noting, “Marie’s mother could well be ‘Outchibaliabanoukoueau,’ cited by Father Lejeune as having children with Roch Manitouabeouich. As for the name Manitouabeouich, which is frequently given to her because it was her father's, she never used it in the documents concerning her.”
Marie’s name appears in a 1642 baptism record in Sillery, where she served as godmother to Claire AiamikȢe. This record is one of the few surviving historical mentions of her name as Ouchistaouichkoue or ȢchistaȢichkȢe.
1642 baptism of Claire AiamikȢe (Généalogie Québec)
The Use of the Character Ȣ in Indigenous Names
Many indigenous languages in Canada had no written form hundreds of years ago. Communications were primarily oral. Researchers often run into genealogical records with a character that looks like the number 8 in them. The 8 symbol is actually the ligature Ȣ, also known as the ou ligature, representing the sound "ou" in French, and "oo" in English. The use of this ligature was common in early French-Canadian documents when transcribing indigenous words and names. It was employed to represent sounds in indigenous languages that didn't have a direct equivalent in the French alphabet. The ligature Ȣ was particularly useful in capturing the nuances of Algonquian languages, which were prevalent in the areas of early French settlement.
While her baptism as “Marie Sylvestre Olivier” is often referenced, the original record no longer exists. According to several sources, Marie may have had two godfathers: Olivier Letardif, her namesake, and Pierre de Puiseaux. The latter reportedly endowed her with 500 francs, a significant sum for the time.
Around 1638, at approximately 10 years old, Marie was adopted by Olivier Letardif, a Frenchman and prominent figure in New France. Letardif, originally from Étables in Brittany, arrived in Canada as early as 1618. Fluent in several Indigenous languages, he served as an interpreter for the Huron, Algonquin, and Innu peoples and worked closely with Samuel de Champlain, eventually becoming the head clerk of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés in 1633.
Letardif’s connection to Marie’s father, Manitouabeouich, likely began through their mutual involvement in the fur trade. Manitouabeouich may have acted as Letardif’s guide, translator, or companion during fur trading expeditions. A convert to Christianity, Manitouabeouich was likely given the name Roch during his baptism.
While Letardif eventually settled in Québec, Manitouabeouich lived in the Huron settlement near Sillery. The two men maintained close ties, as evidenced by Letardif’s adoption of Marie. Jesuit records document the arrangement:
“They [Marie’s parents] have given one of their children, a little girl, to sieur Olivier, who cherishes her tenderly; he provides for her, and is having her brought up in the French way. If this child occasionally goes back to the Cabins of the Savages, her father, very happy to see his daughter well clothed and in very good condition, does not allow her to remain there long, sending her back to the house where she belongs.”
Following the death of Olivier Letardif’s wife, Louise Couillard, in November 1641, Marie was placed in the care of the Ursuline nuns in Québec. The Ursulines operated the first school for girls in New France, educating both Indigenous and French girls. Their mission paralleled that of the Jesuits: to convert Indigenous peoples to Catholicism. The nuns also sought to prepare Indigenous girls for marriage to Catholic men. Marie remained with the Ursulines until at least 1642, receiving an education that included learning to write. This is evident from her signature, “Marie Ollivier,” which appears as a witness on a 1661 marriage contract.
“First Ursuline Nuns with Indian Pupils at Quebec,” watercolour by Lawrence R. Batchelor, circa 1931 (Library and Archives Canada)
Marie’s signature in 1661 (FamilySearch)
Following her time with the Ursulines, Marie reportedly went to live with French settlers Guillaume Hubou and his wife, Marie Rollet. They continued her education, adhering to European standards, further preparing her for life in the colonial French society.
Marriage and Family Life
On November 3, 1644, Martin Prévost and Marie Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier were married in church of “La Conception de la Vierge Marie” in Québec. The marriage is historic, as it is the first known union between a European man and an Indigenous woman to take place before the Catholic Church in Canada. Marie’s father is recorded as a “sauvage,” a term used in historical records to describe Indigenous peoples, though it is now recognized as derogatory. The witnesses to the marriage were Olivier Letardif and Guillaume Couillard (Letardif’s father-in-law).
The translated marriage record reads:
“The year 1644. The 3rd day of November. The banns having been published on 3 feast days in a row, of which the 1st was published on the 23rd day of October, the 2nd ban on the 28th day, and the 3rd on the 30th day of the same month of October, and having uncovered no legitimate impediment, the R.P. Barthelemy Vimont, Superior of the Mission of the Company of Jesus in this country of New France and holding the position of parish priest in this church of the Conception of the Virgin Mary in Québec, having interrogated Martin Prevost, son of Pierre Prevost and the late Charlotte Vien, his wife, of the parish of Montreuil-sur-le-Bois-de-Vincennes, and Marie Olivier, daughter of Roch ManitȢabeȢich, savage, and having had their mutual and verbal consent, solemnly married them and gave them the nuptial benediction in the Church of La Conception in Québec, in the presence of known witnesses, Olivier Le Tardif, and Guillaume Couillard of this parish.”
1644 marriage of Martin Prévost and Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier (Généalogie Québec)
Martin and Marie had at least eight children, though several did not survive to adulthood:
Marie Madeleine (1647-1648)
Ursule (1649-1661)
Louis (ca. 1651-1686)
Marie Madeleine (1655-1662)
Antoine (1657-1662)
Jean Pascal (1660-?)
Jean Baptiste (1662-1737)
Marie Thérèse (1665-1743)
Establishing a Home in New France
Artificial intelligence image created by the author with Dall-E (Jan 2025)
On February 12, 1645, Martin purchased a land concession in the seigneurie of Beauport from a man named Bourguignon. The land measured five arpents of frontage along the St. Lawrence River. This property became the Prévost family homestead, where Martin and Marie settled and raised their children. The transaction is later referenced in a 1683 inventory.
In addition to the family farm, Martin also acquired properties in Québec’s Lower Town. On June 5, 1656, he purchased a portion of a house from René Maheut [Maheu] for 110 livres. The property, located on Sous-le-Fort Street, consisted of a house frame and measured 18 feet of frontage. However, ten days later, Martin declared in a note appended to the contract that he had been acting on behalf of Jean Baillargeon, who agreed to honour the original obligations of the deed. This document displays Martin’s signature for the first time.
Martin Prévost’s signature in 1656 (FamilySearch)
On June 22, 1659, Martin purchased another lot in Québec’s Lower Town from Reverend Father Paul Ragueneau, acting on behalf of the Jesuits. This lot, which included a house frame, was acquired with an agreement to pay an annual rente of 8 livres.
In addition to the contract of sale, the notary’s file contains a note dated May 10, 1661, from Reverend Father Jérôme Lalemant, in which he agreed to reduce the rente to five livres at Martin’s request, citing consideration for “Marie Olivier”, an “Algonquine.” This is the first recorded evidence of Marie’s specific indigenous nation.
1661 note from Father Lalemant, indicating that Marie is "Algonquine" (Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec)
Marie’s Nation: Algonquin or Abenaki?
While historical records describe Marie as Algonquin, recent analysis, including research by the Algonquin Nation Secretariat, suggests that she was more likely Abenaki. This reclassification highlights the complexity of tracing Indigenous identities in colonial records, where European observers often misidentified or generalized Indigenous affiliations.
“Abenaki couple,” 18th century watercolour by an unknown artist (Ville de Montréal)
“Algonquin couple,” 18th century watercolour by an unknown artist (Ville de Montréal)
On July 25, 1660, Martin expanded his holdings in Québec’s Lower Town by purchasing a site and house from Pierre Petit and Catherine Desnaguez [Desnaguets] for 200 livres. The property, located in the Cul-de-sac opposite Fort Saint-Louis, consisted of a one-room house with a cellar and attic. At the time of this purchase, Martin was recorded as a resident of Beauport.
On the same day, Martin acquired an adjacent lot through a concession. The lot, measuring 25 feet by 14 feet (350 square feet), was granted in exchange for an annual rente of two sols. This transaction further solidified Martin’s presence in Québec’s Lower Town, while maintaining his primary residence in Beauport.
"The true plan of Quebec in 1663," map attributed to Jean Bourdon (Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec)
Death of Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier
Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier died on September 10, 1665. She was buried two days later in the parish cemetery of Notre-Dame, in Québec.
1665 burial of Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier (Généalogie Québec)
Less than two months after Marie’s passing, Martin Prévost remarried. On November 8, 1665, he wed the widow Marie d’Abancourt dite Lacaille in the chapel of Beauport. The witnesses to their marriage were Robert Giffard and Charles Cadieu dit Courville.
1665 marriage of Martin Prévost and Marie d’Abancourt dite Lacaille (Généalogie Québec)
In the 1666 census, Martin and his new wife, Marie, were recorded as living in Beauport with their five children and two servants. Martin’s occupation was listed as an “habitant,” or farmer.
By 1667, another census showed the family still in Beauport, though they now had four children living with them and continued to employ two servants. Martin owned 45 arpents of cleared land and nine head of livestock.
1667 census for the Prévost family (Library and Archives Canada)
Financial Troubles and Property Sales
On December 10, 1667, Martin appeared before representatives of the Compagnie des Indes occidentales (the West India Company) to answer for unpaid cens on his two properties in Québec’s Lower Town. These lands were owned by the Company, and Martin agreed to pay the overdue rent as well as all future obligations.
Shortly thereafter, on March 20, 1668, Martin sold one of these properties to master armorer Nicolas Gauvreau. The sale, made on behalf of both himself and his minor children, amounted to 300 livres. The property, located in Québec’s Lower Town, included a small house with a cellar, kitchen, study, and attic. The deed described Martin as a resident of the côte of Beauport and the widower of Marie Olivier, an “Algonquine Sauvagesse de nation” (Algonquin woman of “savage” nationality).
Separation and Later Years
On 8 October 1668, the first mention of a separation between Martin Prévost and his second wife, Marie d'Abancourt, appears in a deed of sale. This document states that Marie is now “séparée quant aux biens de Martin Prévost, son époux” (separated from her husband with respect to property). [The expression “separated from her husband with respect to property” does not necessarily mean a marital separation in the modern sense, but rather a separation of their assets. In the civil law of the time, this type of separation was a legal measure allowing a wife to protect her assets or regain financial autonomy in the face of her husband's debts or financial difficulties. Unfortunately, we do not know the state of the personal or marital relationship between Martin and Marie at this time.]
In November 1681, the New France census documented Martin, aged 71 [sic], living in Beauport with three of his children and two domestic servants. He owned two guns, 46 arpents of cleared land, and ten head of cattle. Martin’s residence was situated next to that of his son Louis and his family.
1681 census for the Provost family (Library and Archives Canada)
On November 5, 1683, notary Michel Fillion visited Martin Prévost’s home in Beauport to draft an inventory of all possessions belonging to Martin and his late wife, Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier. The inventory was prepared with the assistance of Noël Langlois dit Traversy and several other estimators.
The After-Death Inventory
The Coutume de Paris (Custom of Paris) governed the transmission of family property in New France. When a couple married, with or without a contract, they were subject to the “community of goods.” This meant that all property acquired during the marriage was shared equally. Upon the death of one spouse, the surviving spouse retained half of the community property, while the other half was divided equally among their children. When the surviving spouse died, their share of the community was distributed equally among the children as well. To ensure the fair division of property, an inventory of the deceased’s possessions was drawn up, detailing all goods, debts, and assets within the community.
The nine-page inventory meticulously lists Martin and Marie’s possessions, including:
Household items: kitchen utensils, pots, pans, dinnerware, candleholders
Furniture: four pine armoires, several wooden chests, a pine table
Tools and weapons: several hatchets, two guns
Bedding and textiles: mattresses, pillows, linens
Miscellaneous items: a moose hide, clothing, shoes, a gold ring
Provisions: 35 cords of wood, six minots of flour
Livestock: two 8-year-old oxen, four young oxen, five cows, three calves, three large pigs, and two small pigs
Land: a five-arpent plot in Beauport
The inventory also listed Martin’s debts, valued at over 100 livres and 20 cords of wood. Interestingly, Martin signed this document as “Provost,” marking a shift in the spelling of his name.
Excerpt of the 1683 inventory, listing Martin’s animals (FamilySearch)
Death and Burial
Martin Prévost passed away on January 27, 1691, at the age of 80. He was buried the following day in the parish cemetery of Beauport. Witnesses to his burial included Noël and Pierre Vachon, sons of the notary Paul Vachon.
1691 burial of Martin Prévost (Généalogie Québec)
Legacy
Martin Prévost is considered the ancestor of a significant portion of North America’s Prévost and Provost families. His first wife, Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier, holds an equally remarkable legacy as one of the first Indigenous women in Canada to marry a European man in the Catholic Church. She is believed to have over 800,000 direct descendants today.
Plaque commemorating Martin Prévost and Marie Sylvestre Ouchistaouichkoue (or ȢchistaȢichkȢe) dite Olivier, located in Martin-Prévost Park in Courville, Québec (photo [cropped] by Alain Prévost, Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0)
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“Le LAFRANCE (Baptêmes, Mariages, Sépultures)," database and digital images, Généalogie Québec (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/74103 : accessed 10 Jan 2025), baptism of Claire AIAMIKOUE, 18 May 1642, Sillery.
Ibid. (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/66353 : accessed 10 Jan 2025), marriage of Martin Prevost and Marie Olivier, 3 Nov 1644, Québec (Notre-Dame-de-Québec).
Ibid. (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/68976 : accessed 10 Jan 2025), burial of Marie Olivier, 12 Sep 1665, Québec (Notre-Dame-de-Québec).
Ibid. (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/66686 : accessed 10 Jan 2025), marriage of Martin Prevost and Marie Dabancour, 8 Nov 1665, Québec (Notre-Dame-de-Québec).
Ibid. (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/77616 : accessed 10 Jan 2025), burial of Martin Prévost, 28 Jan 1691, Beauport (Nativité-de-Notre-Dame).
"Actes de notaire, 1634, 1649-1663 : Guillaume Audouart," digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-J3DQ-J9SZ-3?cat=1171569&i=743 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), marriage contract of Mathurin Chabot and Marie Messange, 3 Nov 1661, image 744 of 1431 ; citing original data : Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSVN-3238?cat=1171569&i=1454 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), sale of a portion of a house from René Maheut to Martin Prevost in Québec’s lower town, 5 Jun 1656, images 1454-1456 of 2642.
"Actes de notaire, 1660-1688 : Michel Fillion," digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSVN-QHYS?cat=1176077&i=1972 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), inventory of Martin Provost and Marie Olivier, 5 Nov 1683, images 1973-1981 of 2056; citing original data : Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSVN-QHYS?cat=1176077&i=1972 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), inventory of Martin Provost and Marie Olivier, 5 Nov 1683, images 1973-1981 of 2056.
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"Fonds Intendants - Archives nationales à Québec," digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/94220 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), "Contrat de vente par Jean Levasseur, huissier, au nom et comme procureur du sieur Pierre Lepetit (Petit) et Catherine Desnaguez, sa femme, à Martin Provost, habitant de la côte de Beauport, d'un emplacement et d'une maison sis en la Basse-Ville de Québec, au lieu dit vulgairement du Cul-de-sac, vis-à-vis du fort Saint-Louis (Notaire Guillaume Audouart dit Saint-Germain)," 25 Jul 1660, reference E1,S4,SS1,D345,P6, Id 94220.
Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/94077 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), "Concession par Pierre de Voyer, Chevalier, Vicomte d'Argenson, conseiller du Roi, gouverneur et lieutenant général pour Sa Majesté en Nouvelle-France, à Martin Provost d'un emplacement sis en la Basse-Ville de Québec, borné par un petit passage qui descend dans le Cul-de-sac," 25 Jul 1660, reference E1,S4,SS1,D345,P5, Id 94077.
Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/91116 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), "Déclaration faite au papier terrier de la Compagnie des Indes occidentales par Martin Prévost, laquelle déclaration étant relative à une place sise en la Basse-Ville de Québec, par-devant la rue Sous-le-Fort, sur laquelle il y a une maison consistant en une chambre, un cabinet, une cave et un grenier, et à un emplacement par-devant la rue descendante au Cul-de-Sac et port de Québec," 10 Dec 1667, reference E1,S4,SS2, P106, Id 91116.
Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/94321 : accessed 13 Jan 2025), "Contrat de vente par Martin Provost, habitant de la côte de Beauport, veuf de feue Marie Olivier, sa première femme, sauvagesse algonquine de nation (amérindienne), tant en son nom que comme tuteur de leurs enfants mineurs, à Nicolas Gauvreau, maître armurier et arquebusier de Québec, d'un emplacement et d'une petite maison sis en la Basse-Ville de Québec (Notaire Romain Becquet)," 20 Mar 1668, reference E1,S4,SS1,D345,P8, Id 94321.
Parchemin, notarial database of ancient Québec (1626-1801), Société de recherche historique Archiv-Histo (https://archiv-histo.com : accessed 13 Jan 2025), "Vente d'une terre située en la côte et seigneurie de Beaupré; par Marie D'abancour, séparée quant aux biens de Martin Prévost, son époux, de la seigneurie de Beauport, épouse antérieure de Geoffroy Guillot, Adrien Jolliet et Louis Jolliet, frères, fils dudit défunt, tant en leurs noms que pour François Fortin et Marie Jolliet, son épouse, et encore pour Zacharie Jolliet (mineur), à François de Laval, évêque de Pétrée, vicaire apostolique de la Nouvelle-France et seigneur de Beaupré," notary G. Rageot, 8 Oct 1668.
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Darryl Leroux, Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity (Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press, 2019), 58, 143.
Benjamin Sulte, Histoire des Canadiens-Francais 1608-1880, volume 4 (Canada, Wilson & cie., 1882), digitized by Google Books (https://books.google.ca/books?id=7whfu_f-XVIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false : accessed 10 Jan 2025), page 56.