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François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne & Anne Lépine

An habitant and a Fille du roi in New France

François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, son of Guillaume Boucher and Adrienne Lemousnier, was baptized on March 28, 1632, in the parish of Saint-Maclou in Rouen, Normandy, France. His godparents were Louis [Audéna?] and Françoise Guérard.

Rouen, now home to approximately 114,000 residents, is in the department of Seine-Maritime, 120 kilometres northwest of Paris and about 50 kilometres south of Dieppe.

The Church of Saint-Maclou in Rouen, where François was baptized, is a prime example of Flamboyant Gothic architecture. Built between 1437 and 1517, it stands near Rouen Cathedral in the historic city center and is renowned for its ornate façade. Although damaged during World War II, the church has been carefully restored. Today, it remains a significant architectural and historical landmark, reflecting Rouen’s medieval and religious heritage.

The exact date of François’s arrival in New France is unknown. He is first mentioned in the public record in 1663.

Anne Lépine

Anne Lépine (or Lespine), daughter of Jacques Lépine (or Lespine) and Noémie (or Noémy) Mourlon, was born on February 16, 1637, in Pointe-de-Coureilles (later renamed Pointe des Minimes) in the old province of Aunis, France. She was baptized six days later in the Protestant Temple de la Villeneuve in nearby La Rochelle. Her godparents were Jehan Seignette and Anne Nicolas.

Little is known about Anne’s life and family in France. She had an older brother, Jean, born in 1634. At some point in her mid-twenties, she left her home country for the uncertainties of Canada. She was among the Filles du roi.

Anne’s motivations for emigrating are unknown. Perhaps she sought better opportunities. Being unmarried at her age, she may not have had a dowry, either due to her family’s financial situation or because her parents were deceased. The gender imbalance in New France would have increased her chances of marriage.

Life in France as a Huguenot was also challenging. Protestants faced increasing social, economic, and legal discrimination. Anne may have sought relief from these difficulties. However, emigration to Catholic New France was generally prohibited for Huguenots. She would likely have had to convert—either sincerely or nominally—before leaving France or shortly after arriving in the colony. Alternatively, her Protestant background may have remained undisclosed, allowing her to integrate quietly into the Catholic community.

Anne and her fellow Filles du roi likely departed from the port of La Rochelle on September 22, 1663, aboard either L’Aigle d’Or or Le Jardin de la Hollande. Both ships arrived at Québec a month later, on October 26.  

On March 23, 1664, Anne received the sacrament of confirmation from François de Montmorency-Laval in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec.

Early Land Deals and Legal Disputes in New France

On the afternoon of November 25, 1663, François Boucher “dit Vindespagne" purchased a land concession on the Saint-Charles River from François Blondeau. The deed of sale, recorded by notary Pierre Duquet dit La Chesnaye, granted him two arpents of wooded land along the river. The price: 25 cords of wood. François was unable to sign his name on the agreement.

1664 was a busy year for François in court before the Conseil souverain (Sovereign Council). 

On March 1, 1664, the Council issued the following ruling:

"François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, plaintiff. Pascal Lemaistre and Jean Galaup Montauban, defendants. The parties were heard before the case was examined. The Council ordered them to submit written evidence and present it within a week to Mr. Damours, the commissioner for the area, who would determine their rights based on his report. In the meantime, both parties were prohibited from removing anything from the disputed property."

Two weeks later, on March 15, 1664, François won his case:

“François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, plaintiff. Pascal Lemaistre defendant. After hearing both parties, the Council ordered the defendant to deliver twenty planks to the plaintiff as compensation for the pine wood he had taken and removed from the plaintiff’s property. The defendant was prohibited from taking anything further, under penalty of all costs, damages, and legal expenses."

That same day, François won a second case:

"Default is given in favour of François Boucher, plaintiff, who appeared in person against Jacques Lozier, defendant, who failed to appear [...]. The Council condemns the said Jacques Lozier to pay the sum of forty-nine livres and sixteen sols to François Boucher. This amount covers half the cost of eleven days’ hire of the plaintiff’s boat, one week’s time spent by the plaintiff and his son searching for the boat—abandoned by the defaulting party—during the sowing season, as well as repairs performed by a carpenter and boatman after the boat broke up on the coast. The defendant is also ordered to pay legal costs."

On June 14, 1664, François appeared in court again with a complaint against Pierre Soumande. The Council ruled:

"François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, plaintiff. Jean Thomas, representing Pierre Soumande, defendant. After hearing both parties, the Council ordered the plaintiff to provide witness testimony proving that he found two head of cattle in his wheat fields causing damage."

There is no further record of this case. François may not have found the necessary witnesses or may have chosen to drop the matter altogether.

Marriage and Family Life

On April 12, 1664, notary Pierre Duquet dit La Chesnaye drafted a marriage contract for 32 -year-old François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne and 28-year-old Anne Lépine. Unfortunately, the record has not survived.

The couple married on April 21, 1664, in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Their witnesses were Jean Bourdon (Attorney General of the Conseil souverain), Martin Boutet dit St-Martin (the first lay teacher in Québec), and Thierry Delestre dit Levalon.  

François and Anne had seven children, all baptized in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec:

1. Guillaume (1665–aft. 1716)

2. Jeanne (1667–1735)

3. Jean (1668– aft. 1685)

4. Antoinette (1670–1703)

5. Anne (1673–1701)

6. Marie Françoise (1677–1703)

7. Louise (1681–1756)

Land Transactions and Property Deals

In 1666, François was named in three notarial records:

• March 24, 1666: François and Anne sold a property in the Upper Town of Québec to Pierre Clément, an habitant of Fargy in Beauport, for 150 livres. François was also recorded as an habitant, and he and Anne were residents of Petite Rivière [Saint-Charles] in the seigneurie of Notre-Dame-des-Anges. The lot, located “on the edge of the road leading from the château [Saint-Louis] to Grande Allée, on the other side, the road that goes to a place called Mont Carmel,” measured about thirty feet and included a half-timbered house. The deed was drawn up by notary Paul Vachon in his study.

• May 16, 1666: François leased two milk cows to the sailor Pierre Eygron—one a three-year-old black cow, the other a two-year-old with a spotted coat. Both men were recorded as residents of Petite Rivière Saint-Charles. Eygron agreed to feed and house the cows for three years and provide François with half of the cows’ products, plus twenty pounds of butter per cow.

• June 8, 1666: François received a land concession in Petite Rivière [Saint-Charles] from Guillaume Fournier. He was recorded as an habitant of the area. The land measured two arpents of frontage on the Saint-Charles River by thirty arpents deep. François agreed to pay [thirty?] sols per arpent of frontage in rente annually, plus twelve deniers in cens and two live capons.

For reasons unknown, François and Anne were omitted from the 1666 census of New France. Historians generally agree that the census undercounted a significant portion of the population—possibly 10 to 20 percent. This discrepancy led to another census being conducted the following year.

In 1667, the Boucher family was recorded in the census, living in the seigneurie of Notre-Dame-des-Anges. They owned six arpents of cleared land and one farm animal.

Court Cases and Disputes

On April 26, 1668, François appeared before the Conseil souverain again, this time in a land dispute over sowing rights. He and Pascal Lemaistre contested a ruling in favour of Guillaume Fournier and François Daumont. The original decision, issued by the lieutenant civil of Québec, had ordered both parties to proceed with planting crops on their respective lands according to provisional boundaries set by surveyor sieur Dubuisson. Final ownership of the harvest was to be determined upon the arrival of sieur d'Hauget. The Council upheld the ruling, rejecting the appeal and fining the appellants sixty sols for their frivolous challenge.  

On January 15, 1671, the Compagnie de Jésus (Jesuits) ceded several plots of land in the seigneurie of Saint-Gabriel to dozens of colonists. François received sixty arpents—two arpents of frontage along the Saint-Charles River by thirty arpents deep. He agreed to pay the Jesuits a rente of sixty sols annually, plus two live capons.  

On February 5, 1673, François made an unusual declaration before notary Romain Becquet. He “without force or constraint, admitted and confessed that eight days ago, at two o'clock in the afternoon, he went to the place where cordwood was being prepared for sir Jean Talon [...] where, having found several piles of cordwood, he allegedly grabbed some and took three [sleighs worth?] back to his home, where, having been discovered by Hughes [Roudin?], to whom he confessed his crime, which the aforementioned sieur [Roudin?] forgave him on condition that he never commit such a theft again; which forgiveness was approved and confirmed [...].”

On August 17, 1676, François was again involved in a dispute with Pascal Lemaistre before the Conseil souverain. The court ruled in Lemaistre’s favour:

“Between Pascal Lemaistre, plaintiff, and François Boucher, defendant. The parties were heard after the plaintiff had agreed that the defendant should be ordered to pay him the sum of seven livres for hay that he had cut for him. The defendant stated that it was true he owed the sum and was prepared to pay four francs, but sought a deduction of three livres that Lemaistre would owe him on All Saints' Day for his passage to the petite rivière. The defendant affirmed under oath that he had only agreed to the payment on this condition. The Court ordered and condemns the defendant to pay the plaintiff seven livres, namely four livres in cash, while the remaining three livres would be deducted from the sum the plaintiff would owe on All Saints' Day for his passage, without expenses.”

Two years later, François went before the court again, this time as a plaintiff. Though the details are unknown, on February 15, 1678, the Council ordered the defendant, Jacques Lareau, to pay François forty sols.  

A New Start in Québec’s Upper Town

In 1678, the Boucher family decided to leave the Petite Rivière Saint-Charles area for Québec. On August 7, 1678, François and Anne purchased a lot containing two small houses in the Upper Town on Sainte-Anne Street from master arquebusier Jean Soulard and his wife, Catherine Boutet. The purchase price was 760 livres. François and Anne also assumed the future payments to the seigneurs of the land, amounting to seven sols and six deniers in cens, due annually on the feast day of Saint-Rémy.

The Boucher family appears in the 1681 census of New France, residing in Québec’s Upper Town. They owned ten arpents of land (likely in Petite Rivière Saint-Charles) but did not have any guns or animals. Curiously, François is not listed with an occupation in the census.

Just a few weeks after the census was recorded, on November 21, 1681, François arranged for his 13-year-old son, Jean, to enter a five-year apprenticeship as a cutler (knifemaker) under Claude de Saintes, a Québec master cutler and merchant. François was recorded as an habitant residing in Québec. De Saintes agreed to provide Jean with “food, sleeping quarters, fire [heating], linens, and clothing.” Jean, in turn, promised to faithfully serve his master throughout his apprenticeship and not leave without consent.  

Death of François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne

François died sometime before November 25, 1684, when notary Rageot recorded an inventory of his and Anne’s possessions. His burial record has not been located. The inventory included several chests, clothing and shoes, linens, a hatchet, glass bottles, pots, pails, and various other household items, many of them illegible. In the cellar were barrels of wine and eau de vie (brandy), while the attic stored wheat.   

On the same day, friends and family gathered before notary Rageot to elect a guardian, Lucien Boutteville, and a deputy guardian, René Sénard, for François and Anne’s minor children.

Economic Hardship

After François’s death, the Boucher family likely faced economic difficulties, forcing some of the children to work.

• December 6, 1684: Anne, along with guardian Lucien Boutteville, arranged for 13-year-old Antoinette to work for the widow Éléonore de Grandmaison, a resident of the place publique (public square) in Québec’s Lower Town, for a period of three years. Antoinette agreed to faithfully serve her employer, who in turn agreed to pay her forty livres per year and treat her humanely.    

• May 1, 1685: 16-year-old Jean was contracted as a domestic servant to the widow of Claude de Saintes, his former master, for two years. The agreement stated that he would be fed, housed, and cared for. He would also receive clothing, linen, shoes, and twenty livres per year.

• July 19, 1692: 15-year-old Françoise was hired as a domestic servant by merchant Jean Malhiot under a two-year contract in Montreal. She promised to faithfully serve her master and not cause him any damages or losses. Malhiot, in turn, agreed to feed and house her, have her clothes laundered, and treat her humanely, “according to her quality and gender, and only order her to do what is honest and lawful.” He also agreed to pay her fifty livres, a pair of socks, and a pair of shoes for the first year, and sixty livres, a pair of socks, and a pair of shoes for the second year.

On March 29, 1685, Anne took Jacques Duhault to court, which ruled in her favour. The defendant was ordered to pay her or deliver a sleigh full of wood.   

On March 17, 1688, Anne appeared in court again. Though the details of the case are unknown, the court summary mentions the hearing of three witnesses, communications, and interrogations. Anne was sentenced to a fine of twenty livres, with a ban on reoffending. The case also referenced a woman named Boissel.

Land Sale and Family Disputes

On July 27, 1691, Anne sold the family’s sixty-arpent habitation at Petite Rivière Saint-Charles to carpenter René Regnault, both in her name and on behalf of her children, for 220 livres. The deed specified that only nine or ten arpents had been cleared, with the rest still wooded.

In May 1702, a dispute arose among the Boucher children regarding the care of their mother, Anne. Antoinette and her husband, Étienne Joseph Martel, sued her siblings—Guillaume, Jeanne (represented by her husband, Mathurin Parent), and Marie Françoise (represented by her husband, Léonard Desmonts dit Périgord)—to compel them to contribute to their mother’s maintenance. Antoinette requested that her siblings share in the expenses she and her husband had incurred while caring for Anne, who was living with them in Montréal. The civil court ruled in Antoinette and Étienne Joseph’s favour, ordering the siblings to contribute to the costs.   

Anne Lépine’s Final Years and Death

Anne died sometime after May 27, 1702, the date of the above civil case. Some online sources place her death after February 10, 1711, the date of her daughter Louise’s marriage. However, that record does not list Anne or François as deceased, making it less reliable.

 The Boucher Children: Lives and Legacies

1. Guillaume was born on January 19, 1665, and received an emergency baptism at birth by Hélène Desportes (said to be the first child born of European parents in New France). He was conditionally baptized later that day in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. His godparents were Guillaume Fournier and Louise Duval. On December 19, 1695, he married Jeanne Beauvais dite St-Gemme in Montréal. They had two sons, both of whom died in infancy. After Jeanne’s death in 1703 (possibly of smallpox), Guillaume moved to Detroit, where he married Marie Angélique Ptolomée in 1716. After this marriage, he drops off the public record. 

2. Jeanne was born on February 23, 1667, and baptized the following day in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Her godparents were Denis Dieudonné and Jeanne Richer. On January 12, 1688, she married master carpenter Mathurin Parent in Montréal. The couple had nine children, likely all born in Montréal. Jeanne died at age 68 on March 17, 1735, and was buried the next day in Montréal.

3. Jean was born on October 21, 1668, and baptized the following day in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. His godparents were Jean Guion [Guyon] and Marie Gachet. Jean never married. He likely died between 1685 (when he was contracted as a domestic servant) and 1702 (as he was not named in the court case involving his siblings).

4. Antoinette was born on December 23, 1670, and baptized the following day in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Her godparents were Philippe Vernier and Antoinette Fradet. On November 20, 1695, she married habitant and innkeeper Étienne Joseph Martel in Montréal. The couple had six children. Antoinette died at the age of 32 on March 25, 1703, and was buried the same day in Montréal. Given the speed of her burial, she was likely a victim of the smallpox epidemic.

5. Anne was born on October 9, 1673, and baptized the following day in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Her godparents were Jean Perée and Catherine Boutet. Anne never married. She died at age 27 and was buried on May 19, 1701, in the Notre-Dame parish cemetery in Québec.

6. Marie Françoise was born on January 8, 1677, and baptized two days later in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Her godparents were François Provost, major of the château of Québec, and Marie Anne Dusaucay. On April 26, 1702, she married soldier Léonard Desmont dit Périgord in Montréal. The couple had no children. Marie Françoise died at age 26 on March 17, 1703, eight days before the death of her sister Antoinette. She was buried the next day in Montréal. Like her sister, she was likely a victim of the smallpox epidemic.

7. Louise was born on February 18, 1681, and baptized two days later in the parish of Notre-Dame in Québec. Her godparents were Michel Laferté and Louise Delestre. Louise had two children out of wedlock: François (born in 1699) and Marie Gabrielle (born in 1705). On February 10, 1711, she married Jean Créteau dit L’Espérance in Québec. The couple had three children. After her husband’s death, Louise married André Rémy dit L’Espérance on May 1, 1730, in Québec. She died at age 75 on June 2, 1756, at the General Hospital in Québec, and was buried there the same day.

A Mysterious Nickname

After researching the life of François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, one question remains unanswered: Why was he nicknamed “Vin d’Espagne”?

In France, François was baptized under his family name, Boucher. No work contract has been found prior to his departure for New France that indicates whether he used this nickname at the time. However, the dit name appears in Canadian records almost immediately after his arrival, suggesting it may have predated his life in New France. The exact reason François Boucher acquired the dit name “Vin d’Espagne” is unknown, but several historical and cultural factors could explain this curious nickname:

• Association with Spanish Wine Trade or Consumption: The term vin d’Espagne literally means “Spanish wine,” a commodity well known in 17th-century New France. Spanish wines (such as sherry, Malaga, and Alicante) were prized in the colony for their high alcohol content and stability in cold climates. Missionaries and officials favoured Spanish wine because it withstood long voyages and winter freezes. In 1663, for example, the Governor of New France gifted the Jesuit priests bouteilles de vin d’Espagne (bottles of Spanish wine) at New Year’s celebrations. Given this context, one theory is that François may have been associated with Spanish wine—perhaps he was fond of drinking it, adept at procuring it, or even traded it. Though difficult to decipher, his posthumous inventory did list barrels of wine in his cellar. In an era when nicknames often derived from one’s occupation or habits, a reputation for always having a stock of vin d’Espagne (or a strong taste for it) could naturally lead compatriots to call him “Vin d’Espagne.”

• Prior Experience or Travel: Another possibility is that the nickname dates back to an incident or experience before he settled in Canada. François may have travelled or served in contexts involving Spain or Spanish goods. For instance, he could have been a sailor or soldier who spent time in a Spanish port or fought in the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). If he returned from such ventures with stories involving Spanish wine, his peers might have dubbed him “Spanish Wine.”

• Physical or Personality Traits: Some dit names highlight a personal trait. It is possible that “Vin d’Espagne” was a lighthearted metaphor for François’s character or appearance. Spanish wine, especially fortified types, is dark, strong, and robust—perhaps François had an olive complexion or a fiery personality. A ruddy face from frequent drinking could also be likened to red wine.

The story of François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne and Anne Lépine reflects the challenges and resilience of the early settlers of New France. From land acquisitions and legal disputes to economic hardships and family struggles, their journey offers a glimpse into the realities of colonial life in the 17th century. While the origins of François’s intriguing dit name remain uncertain, his legacy endures through his descendants. Their story is a testament to the perseverance of those who laid the foundation for generations of French-Canadians to come.

Sources:

• “Registre paroissial : Rouen - 01/01/1630-31/12/1633 (paroisse Saint-Maclou)," digital images, Archives de la Seine-Maritime (https://www.archivesdepartementales76.net/ark:/50278/85c5f65927d2c53b35242083851340f6/dao/0/105 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), baptism of Francois Boucher, 28 Mar 1832, Rouen (St-Maclou), image 105 of 194.

• "I171-173 La Rochelle Collection du greffe 1632-1648," digital images, Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime (http://www.archinoe.net/v2/ark:/18812/afcd51dcbbf0b4b4539a845bc0d244c3 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), baptism of Anne de Lespine, 22 Feb 1637, La Rochelle (Temple de la Villeneuve), image 124 of 645. 

• "Le LAFRANCE (Baptêmes, Mariages, Sépultures)," database and digital images, Généalogie Québec (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/66636 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), marriage of Francois Boucher and Anne Lespine, 21 Apr 1664, Québec (Notre-Dame-de-Québec); citing original data: Drouin Collection, Institut Généalogique Drouin.

• "Registre des confirmations 1649-1662," digital images, Généalogie Québec (https://www.genealogiequebec.com/membership/fr/fonds-drouin/REGISTRES : accessed 10 Mar 2025), confirmation of Anne Lespine, 23 Mar 1664, Québec; citing original data: Registre des confirmations, Diocèse de Québec, Registres du Fonds Drouin.

• “Actes de notaire, 1663-1687 / Pierre Duquet,” digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSTC-Y9MG-J?cat=1175224&i=54&lang=en : accessed 7 Mar 2025), sale of land concession on Rivière St-Charles by François Blondeau to François Boucher dit Vindespagne, 25 Nov 1663, images 55-57 of 2,541; citing original data: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

• “Actes de notaire, 1666-1691 / Gilles Rageot,” digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSVF-YQ8L-F?cat=1171570&i=966&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), land concession by the Compagnie de Jésus, to François Boucher dit Vindespagne, 15 Jan 1671, images 967-968 of 1,443; citing original data:  Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

• Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-L3NF-49HV-L?cat=1171570&i=677&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), inventory of the goods of Anne Lespine, widow of François Boucher dit Vindespagne, 25 Nov 1684, images 669-677 of 1,327; citing original data: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

• Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-P3NF-49NH-W?cat=1171570&i=668&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), guardianship of the minor children of Anne de Lespine, widow of François Boucher dit Vindespagne, 25 Nov 1684, image 678 of 1,327.

• Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-P3NF-496R-P?cat=1171570&i=683&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), work contract of Antoinette Boucher, 6 Dec 1684, image 684 of 1,327.

• “Actes de notaire, 1682-1709 / François Genaple,” digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS56-LQP1-3?cat=1168969&i=992&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), work contract of Jean Boucher, 1 May 1685, images 993-994 of 3,419; citing original data:  Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

• Ibid. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS56-LQB6-M?cat=1168969&i=3092&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), sale of habitation in Petite Rivière St Charles by Anne Lespine to René Regnault, 27 Jul 1691, images 3,093-3,094 of 3,419.

• “Actes de notaire, 1692-1716 / Louis Chambalon,” digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS56-LW39?cat=1170051&i=233&lang=en : accessed 10 Mar 2025), work contract of Marie Françoise Boucher, 19 Jul 1692, images 234-235 of 3,419; citing original data:  Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

• “Actes de notaire, 1655-1696 : Paul Vachon,” digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4215634?docref=jTVWE8w6qy7yUF-5FFRFdw : accessed 7 Mar 2025), lot sale from François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne and Anne Lespine to Pierre Clément, 24 Mar 1666, images 899-900 of 1,180.

• “Actes de notaire, 1665-1682 : Romain Becquet,” digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4064889?docref=nheaVUVJ5w7kzT5vqWUjVg : accessed 10 Mar 2025), lease of two dairy cows by François Boucher dit Vindespagne to Pierre Eygron, 16 May 1666, image 311 of 1,081.

• Ibid. (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4064889?docref=alB4VV-FkO_zgd0MjgS21g : accessed 10 Mar 2025), land concession from Guillaume Fournier to François Boucher dit Vindespaigne, 8 Jun 1666, image 357 of 1,081.

• Ibid. (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4064892?docref=HVDa3jobZQupMbJ5yewdgQ : accessed 10 Mar 2025), declaration by François Boucher, 5 Feb 1673, images 156-157 of 954.

• Ibid. (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4064893?docref=51_-qLq4Vnp8N6n9uHrOXg : accessed 10 Mar 2025), sale of a lot in Québec by Jean Soulard and Catherine Bouttet to François Boucher and Anne Lespine, 7 Aug 1678, images 974-976 of 1,117.

• Ibid. (https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4064894?docref=ASrPkjGHWrFtmKuM9tkTxg : accessed 10 Mar 2025), apprenticeship of Jean Boucher (13) to master cutler Claude de Saintes, 21 Nov 1681, images 1010-1011 of 1,105.

• “Fonds Conseil souverain - Archives nationales à Québec," digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/401645 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), "Ordre à François Boucher dit Vin d'Espagne, à Pascal Lemaître (Lemaistre) et Jean Galaup Montauban d'écrire, informer et produire dans la huitaine par-devant le sieur Damours," 1 Mar 1664, reference TP1,S28,P1556, Id 401645.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/401658 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), "Jugement condamnant Pascal Lemaître (Lemaistre) à livrer 20 planches à François Boucher dit Vin d'Espagne, pour le dédommager du bois de pin qu'il lui a pris," 15 Mar 1664, reference TP1,S28,P1569, Id 401658.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/401656 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), "Second défaut accordé à François Boucher et condamnation de Jacques Lozier à payer la somme de 49 livre 16 sols pour dommages faits à un bateau," 15 Mar 1664, reference TP1,S28,P1567, Id 401656.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/401793 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), "Ordre à François Boucher dit Vin d'Espagne de prouver par témoins qu'il a trouvé en dommage deux bêtes aumailles (bêtes à cornes) dans son blé, dans l'affaire l'opposant à Pierre Soumande (Sommandre)," 14 Jun 1664, reference TP1,S28,P1704, Id 401793.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/400270 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), "Appel mis au néant et confirmant le jugement entre Pascal Lemaître (Lemaistre) et François Boucher dit Vin d'Espagne, portant que les semences seraient faites suivant les bornes posées par provision seulement," 26 Apr 1668, reference TP1,S28,P576, Id 400270.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/401347 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), "Jugement condamnant François Boucher à payer la somme de 7 livres à Pascal Lemaître (Lemaistre), pour son passage à la petite Rivière," 17 Aug 1676, reference TP1,S28,P1258, Id 401347.

• “Fonds Prévôté de Québec - Archives nationales à Québec," digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/376568 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), "Cause entre François Boucher dit Vin d'Espagne, demandeur, et Jacques Laroe (Lareau), défendeur ; le défendeur est condamné à payer au demandeur la somme de 40 sols," 15 Feb 1678, reference TL1,S11,SS1,D12,P45, Id 376568.

• Ibid. (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/375217 : accessed 11 Mar 2025), "Procès d'Anne Lépine, défenderesse et accusée, mention des charges et informations faites contre elle, de l'audition de trois témoins, des communications et des interrogatoires, ladite Lépine est condamnée à 20 livres d'amende, avec défense de récidiver, et mention des informations à l'encontre d'une nommée Boissel," 17 Mar 1688, reference TL1,S11,SS1,D23,P4, Id 375217.

• “Collection Pièces judiciaires et notariales - Archives nationales à Québec," digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/390314 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), "Jugement rendu pas le juge prévôt Guillaume Roger en faveur de Anne Lépine, veuve de François Boucher, demeurant à Québec, dans la cause l'opposant à Jacques Duhault, habitant de Charlesbourg, lequel devra payer ou livrer à ladite Anne Lépine une traînée de bois et payer ou livrer le reste du bois dû à Lucien Bouteville, bourgeois de Québec, tuteur des enfants mineurs dudit François Boucher et de ladite Anne Lépine," 29 Mar 1685, reference TL5,D2760-49, Id 390314.

• "Fonds Juridiction royale de Montréal - Archives nationales à Montréal," digital images, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (https://advitam.banq.qc.ca/notice/698053 : accessed 11 Mar 2025), "Procès entre d'Étienne-Joseph Martel et Antoinette Boucher, sa femme, demandeurs, et Guillaume Boucher, Mathurin Parent, époux de Jeanne Boucher, et Léonard Desmonts dit Périgord, défendeurs, pour une contribution à l'entretien d'Anne Lépine, veuve de Guillaume Boucher, leur mère et belle-mère," 24-27 May 1702, reference TL4,S1,D580, Id 698053.

• "Recensement du Canada, 1667," digital images, Library and Archives Canada (https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2318857&new=-8585951843764033676 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), household of Pierre Boucher, 1667, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, page 70 (of PDF), Finding aid no. MSS0446, Item ID number: 2318857; citing original data: Centre des archives d'outre-mer (France) vol. 460.

• "Recensement du Canada fait par l'intendant Du Chesneau," digital images, Library and Archives Canada (https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2318858&new=-8585855146497784530 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), household of François Boucher, 14 Nov 1681, Québec (Haute-Ville), page 40 (of PDF), Finding aid no. MSS0446, MIKAN no. 2318858; citing original data: Centre des archives d'outre-mer (France) vol. 460.

• Fédération québécoise des sociétés de généalogie, Fichier Origine online database (https://www.fichierorigine.com/recherche?numero=242515 : accessed 7 Mar 2025), entry for Anne Lépine (person 242515), updated on 31 Jan 2022.

• Yves Landry, Orphelines en France, pionnières au Canada: Les Filles du roi au XVIIe siècle (Montréal, Québec: Lemeac Éditeur, 1992), 340.

• Guy Perron, "252 – L’expédition du vaisseau L’Aigle d’Or pour Québec en 1663," Le Blogue de Guy Perron (https://lebloguedeguyperron.wordpress.com/2020/03/10/252-lexpedition-du-vaisseau-laigle-dor-pour-quebec-en-1663/ : accessed 7 Mar 2025), 10 Mar 2020. 

• René Jetté and the PRDH, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec des origines à 1730 (Montréal, Gaëtan Morin Éditeur, 1983), 137.

• Université de Montréal, Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) online database, (https://www-prdh-igd-com.res.banq.qc.ca/Membership/en/PRDH/Acte/58012 : accessed 10 Mar 2025), dictionary entry for Francois BOUCHER VINDESPAGNE and Anne LEPINE, union #1734.

• Catherine Ferland, "La saga du vin au Canada à l’époque de la Nouvelle-France,” Anthropology of Food (https://journals.openedition.org/aof/245 : accessed 11 Mar 2025), Dec 2004.

• Gustave Lanctot, "Position de la Nouvelle-France en 1663," digitized by Érudit (https://doi.org/10.7202/301861ar : accessed 11 Mar 2025), 4 Mar 1958, volume 11, number 4, page 527.